Autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS

Autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS

Abstract

RAS is frequently mutated in human cancers and has opposing effects on autophagy and tumorigenesis. Identifying determinants of the cellular responses to RAS is therefore vital in cancer research. Here, we show that autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS. N-terminal Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) mediates RAS-induced senescence and inhibits autophagy. Oncogenic RAS-expressing ASPP2(Δ3/Δ3) mouse embryonic fibroblasts that escape senescence express a high level of ATG5/ATG12. Consistent with the notion that autophagy levels control the cellular response to oncogenic RAS, overexpressing ATG5, but not autophagy-deficient ATG5 mutant K130R, bypasses RAS-induced senescence, whereas ATG5 or ATG3 deficiency predisposes to it. Mechanistically, ASPP2 inhibits RAS-induced autophagy by competing with ATG16 to bind ATG5/ATG12 and preventing ATG16/ATG5/ATG12 formation. Hence, ASPP2 modulates oncogenic RAS-induced autophagic activity to dictate the cellular response to RAS: to proliferate or senesce.

Active mutations of RAS, one of the first oncogenes identified, occur in about 20% of human tumors (1). Oncogenic RAS can transform cells and promote tumorigenesis, although it can also induce senescence and suppress tumor growth (2). Senescent cells are arrested and incapable of responding to mitogens, although they are viable and metabolically active. Senescence is characterized by dramatic cellular remodelling, which is energetically demanding. Autophagy, a genetically regulated process responsible for the turnover of cellular proteins and damaged or superfluous organelles, is a stress response involved in energy homeostasis (3). It was shown that autophagy is a critical mediator of oncogenic RAS-induced senescence, suggesting a negative role of autophagy in tumorigenesis (4). In contrast, a number of recent studies showed that active RAS requires autophagy to maintain its oncogenic function in tumorigenesis, arguing for a positive role of autophagy in tumorigenesis (5⇓⇓–8). The underlying reason for the conflicting observations remains unclear. https://www.pnas.org/content/109/33/13325


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When general population discuss modern medicine, precision plays one of the most crucial roles and people’s lives are directly dependent on it. Likewise, any researches pertaining to medicine are necessary to comply with the top standards. The issue nowadays is that any results of researches can be posted online and used as a reference without being properly checked and approved. Mikhail (Misha) Blagosklonny of Oncotarget clearly understood this challenge and attempted to generate an alternative solution. That’s how a weekly oncology-focused research journal called “Oncotarget” has been established back in 2010. The major principle of this journal is related to Altmetric scores that are used as a quality indicator. That assists both readers and authors to verify publications with Altmetric Article Reports that generate “real-time feedback containing data summary related to a particular publication.” Oncotarget website has a full publications list with respective scores higher than 100 as well as reports mentioned above. Mikhail (Misha) Blagosklonny proud to share his new approach and hopes it creates the necessary help to anybody, who has interest in oncology.
“A diagnostic autoantibody signature for primary cutaneous melanoma” has the Altmetric score of 594. This study was released back in 2018 by Oncotarget and completed by diversified experts from Hollywood Private Hospital, Edith Cowan University, Dermatology Specialist Group, St. John of God Hospital and The University of Western Australia. The introduction of the study discusses “recent data shows that Australians are four times more likely to develop a cancer of the skin than any other type of cancer”, and provides an insight on melanoma that “is curable by surgical excision in the majority of cases, if detected at an early stage.”
The publication has got an Altmetric score of 594. Mikhail (Misha) Blagosklonny realizes that majority of readers are willing to understand the very meaning of it. Based on the Altmetric website, the score indicates “how many people have been exposed to and engaged with a scholarly output.” Hereby, the publication about melanoma, was utilized for citations in various news articles 69 times. In addition, it was mentioned in 2 online blogs, as well as 25 Tweets on Twitter and 1 Facebook post. FOX23 of Tulsa, Oklahoma has headlined their report on July 20, 2018 as “New blood test could detect skin cancer early”, using the main content of Australia study 
Another Oncotarget’s study with a top score of 476, is “Biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma: Do we need another moon-shot,”. This publication has appeared in 60 news stories, 1 online blog post and 6 Twitter posts. The majority of public may have seen a concise overview only, however those who visit Mikhail (Misha) Blagosklonny at Oncotarget, do receive useful scientific facts. Oncotarget is happy to have the chance to share with online readers this highly appreciated and top-quality information, that is trustworthy and reliable.

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